Sunday, June 24, 2012

Hooks and Earworms

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What is it about certain pieces which gets people talking?
 
Is it possible to find a common characteristic or “magic” quality that creates a special connection between an artist and their listeners?
 
In fact, there is and in this article I am going to share some of my ideas on the matter.

A Hook is a musical idea, which can be a short riff, musical passage, or lyrical phrase that makes a song appealing and captures the ear of the listener.
 
It is always melodic, rhythmic, or verbal and it usually incorporates a motif, which is a unique or clever melodic, rhythmic, or lyrical device, specific to the piece. 
 
A hook can be place anywhere within a song, but usually it's part of the chorus.  

 
In contrast, an Earworm is typically defined as musical or lyrical material that repeats itself compulsively within one’s mind.
 
Where the hook is more musical in nature, the earworm is more psychological.
 
Studies have determined that different people have varying susceptibilities to earworms but that almost everyone has been affected by them at one time or another.
 
What this means is that a Hook can become an Earworm and an Earworm is likely to be based on a Hook. 
 
So how is it possible for a small musical idea to become trapped in a person's mind? And why does this happen?
 
Scientifically, what brings the Hook and Earworm into existence is a “trance generating loop.” A trance generating loop is created when a certain quantity of repetition is reached sufficient to produce an altered state of consciousness in an individual.

Trance researcher David Wier says, “Music consists of many trance generation loops consisting of the multiple rhythms and melodies [and words]. As one listens to one specific rhythm or melody, when a certain value is reached, the melody is 'learned' and a dissociated trance is produced.”
 
He goes on to say that the trance becomes stable when additional loops are introduced in order to reinforce the original loop.
 
Further trance research has shown that “the strength of a trance or the duration of the effect of the trance depends mostly on the number of repetitions and NOT on the content of the loop." He concludes with, “It is a strong trance force which gives the sense of weirdness or other-worldly quality to deep trance.” 

So in a very real sense, we could say that an intelligent songwriter is capable of inventing or discovering their own signature pattern for creating songs "you can’t get out of your head." The trick is just to make a piece of music so "catchy" that a person will be compelled to listen to it often enough for it to take root in their mind and evolve into an earworm.
 
Following these discoveries a composer or musician can then magnify the results by strategic promotion and marketing.
 
Think about the power just one song can have in society where that song is seemingly omnipresent. It’s promoted on the Internet, satellite radio, commercial radio, pushed on Amazon.com, highly recommended in the Apple music store, it’s on T.V., on T.V. commercials, on movie soundtracks, and even other bands are doing covers of the song on YouTube. Not only that but it’s also getting played in clubs, getting remixed by DJ’s, getting played at high school dances, getting played at house parties, college frat houses, and getting played in the car next to you. 

Even with repetitive plays you may have noticed that some songs still don't contain Hooks that are trance worthy so they never become Earworms. For one reason or another they just never become viral and don’t ingrain themselves into the collective consciousness.
 
By definition, Hooks have to be simple, easy to remember, and easy to transmit before they can become Earworms. So how do you know when you've got an Earworm? When your attention is so contracted that it feels like “tunnel vision,” then you are in a trance. Beware of this effect.
 
Whenever we space out, daydream, are under the influence, sleepy, or distracted, we are susceptible to the implantation of an Earworm. Your attention has to be fixed and your awareness has to be lowered as the Hook takes hold.
 
When you're not listening to a song and suddenly you begin to hear it in your head, then you know you've got an Earworm. The most insidious thing about an Earworm is how it can be so persistent, so demanding.
 
Here's a simple mathematical music formula for you to remember.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++

A Formula for “Catchiness”

S(H) x P + M = E

A Song multiplied by its Hook times the combined effect of Promotion and Marketing equals its effect as an Earworm.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++

 
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Related Music:

Geoforms

Lucky Ducky
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Related Article:
 
 
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Marc
 
 
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Interview: Oliver Sacks on Earworms

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Here is a video interview about Earworms featuring the noted British neurologist and psychologist Oliver Sacks.  

Sacks is the author of numerous bestselling books, including several collections of case studies of people with neurological disorders.

His 1973 book Awakenings was adapted into an Academy Award-nominated film of the same name in 1990 starring Robin Williams and Robert De Niro.

He, and his book “Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain,” were the subject of "Musical Minds", an episode of the PBS series Nova.
 

If you have any problems viewing this interview ... click here or look up Oliver Sacks on Google.

 
Marc


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Saturday, June 23, 2012

Art and the Kama Sutra: How Developing Artistic Talent Can Increase Your Seductive Powers

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[Kama—is the enjoyment of appropriate objects by the five senses of hearing, feeling, seeing, tasting and smelling, assisted by the mind together with the soul. The ingredient in this is a peculiar contact between the organ of sense and its object, and the consciousness of pleasure which arises from that contact is called Kama.]

“Man should study the Kama Sutra and the arts and sciences subordinate thereto…Even young maids should study this Kama Sutra along with its arts and sciences before marriage, and after it they should continue to do so with the consent of their husbands.”

“Her teacher should be one of the following persons—the daughter of a nurse brought up with her and already married, or a female friend who can be trusted in everything, or the sister of her mother (i.e. her aunt), or an old female servant, or a female beggar who may have formerly lived in the family, or her own sister, who can always be trusted.

“A public woman, endowed with a good disposition, beauty and other winning qualities, and also versed in [these] arts, obtains the name of Ganika, or public woman of high quality, and receives a seat of honour in an assemblage of men. She is, moreover, always respected by the king, and praised by learned men, and her favour being sought for by all, she becomes an object of universal regard.”

“The daughter of a king too, as well as a daughter of a minister, being learned in the…arts, can make their husbands favourable to them, even though these may have thousands of other wives besides themselves.”
 
“And in the same manner, if a wife becomes separated from her husband, and falls into distress, she can support herself easily, even in a foreign country, by means of her knowledge of these arts.”

“Even the bare knowledge of them gives attractiveness to a woman, though the practice of them may be only possible or otherwise according to the circumstances of each case.”

“A man who is versed in these arts, who is loquacious and acquainted with the arts of gallantry, gains very soon the hearts of women, even though he is only acquainted with them for a short time.”

After all of this fanfare about the arts to be learned and employed in the art of seduction, these are the arts to be studied, together with the Kama Sutra: 

1. Singing
 
2. Playing on musical instruments

3. Dancing

4. Union of dancing, singing, and playing instrumental music

5. Writing and drawing

6. Playing on musical glasses filled with water

7. Scenic representations; stage playing

8. Quickness of hand or manual skill

9. Playing a game which consists in repeating verses—as one person finishes, another person has to commence at once, repeating another verse, beginning with the same letter with which the last’s speaker’s verse ended; whoever fails to repeat is considered to have lost and to be subject to a forfeit or stake of some kind

10. The art of mimicry or imitation

11. Reading, including chanting or intoning

12. Mental exercises, such as completing stanzas or verses on receiving a part of them; or supplying one, two, or three lines when the remaining lines are given indiscriminately from different verses, so as to make the whole an entire verse with regard to its meaning; or arranging the words of a verse written irregularly by separating the vowels from the consonants, or leaving them out altogether; or putting into verse or prose sentences represented by signs or symbols. There are many other such exercises.

13. Composing poems

14. Knowledge of dictionaries and vocabularies

15. Knowledge of ways of changing and disguising the appearance of persons

16. Art of obtaining possession of the property of others by
means of mantras or incantations

17. Knowledge of scanning or constructing verses

This shortened list of the artistic talents listed in the Kama Sutra should make it less difficult for you to decide which of the skills best suits your personality. To quickly increase your seductive powers choose the one you feel you can most easily develop, then broaden your artistic base by choosing another art to master.

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 Related Music:

Not So Sweet

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Related Article:

The Perfect Partner: The Artist's Role in the Creation and Construction of Artificial Human Companions
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Marc
http://stereothesis.bandcamp.com/




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The Skillful Use of Questions in Songwriting

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Have you ever noticed how some really good songs use questions to hook you into a story and get you involved in the drama? Questions are used by clever songwriters because of the effect they have on you. Effective communication in songwriting includes the skillful asking of questions. To ensure the effectiveness of the asking of questions it is important to map out the exact thought process you want your audience to travel on with you during your song.

Because the person who is asking the question is in control of the exchange, it is up to you to decide how to lead your listener’s and toward what conclusion or emotional experience. Most people, including an audience, wherever you find them, are all too willing to answer a question. Why not? It’s been inculcated into us from a very earlier age that it’s socially polite to be helpful and when possible to answer an appropriate question. What this means is that the asking of good questions will allow you to take your listener for an emotional ride by the influence of your song.
 
Whenever you are concerned about a weak lyric it's possible to fix it with a great question. The reason is a question can work miracles by making the obvious your ally, stimulate responses, capture attention, reveal what is on your audience's mind, create instant agreement with your listener’s, make people feel important and smart, and force them to make decisions.

Here are some other powerful effects questions have on the listener's thinking. 

1. Questions get immediate attention. 

2. Questions give a listener an opportunity to speak (or respond mentally).

3. Questions maintain a high interest in your subject.

4. Questions break through resistance.

5. Questions (in a series) lead a listener toward the conclusion you want.

6. Questions engage and validate a listener FOR thinking.

7. Questions soften a direct command.

8. Questions build confidence into your songwriting (lyrics). 

9. Questions clarify YOUR thinking.

One great way to ask a question is to use a specific type called a “leading question.” A leading question is used to elicit an exact response—preferably the response you desire. The easiest way to do this is to make transform a statement into a question, even if you’re only stating the obvious. For example, “Bird’s fly, don’t they?” “You know I love you, don’t cha” “You like me, don’t you?” and one of the most famous examples ever “I bet you think this song is about you, don’t you?” 

The reason why this form of a question can work very well in a song lyric is due to its obviousness. When use to state the obvious, it creates instant agreement. The audience nods because what you’ve asked them to do is acknowledge something you said which was true and obvious. Of course, everyone’s felt that way before, everyone knows that, we all have seen that sort of thing, we’ve all lived through that kind of experience, so why wouldn’t they? It’s effective because you bypass a person’s analytical thinking and force them to give you an immediate and automatic emotional response. Another reason why this technique works so well is because it’s so insidious, the leading question virtually forces compliance.


Remember, in asking any question it's important to cover as broad a base as possible. Refer to the list above to find out how much is demanded of your audience in the asking of the question you have formulated. If the question can produce the effect of at least half (4 to 5) of the 9 objectives on the list above, then your question is a good one.

The leading question we talked about fulfills points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, perhaps 8, and definitely 9. Any question by nature of being a question will fulfill several of these objectives automatically. Just make sure though that the questions you ask fulfill the purpose and style of the song. Their role should be supportive and definitely not a leading role.
 

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Related Music:

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Related Article:

The 4 Pillars to Great Songwriting
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Marc
http://stereothesis.bandcamp.com/


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Friday, June 22, 2012

The Brain, the Ear, and the Sense of Hearing

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Music is so fascinating, it changes our emotions, stimulates our imagination, and relaxes us. But have you ever really thought about how sound and music in particular touches us physically?


The body is the conduit of perceptions and sensual experiences. A person’s body is in full contact with the physical universe, the essence of all sensory perception is the sense of touch.

Light waves touch our retinas, sound waves touch and vibrate against our ear drums, and odors reach our noses to touch our sinuses and taste buds.

The production of a sound wave from an instrument, singer’s voice, speaker system, or object colliding with another object forces a listener to experience something physically.

The brain, ear, the sense of hearing are the primary targets of the communications we receive from the songwriter, the speaker, the politician, the radio station and the television network who intends to reach an audience. Whether that audience consists of one person or millions of people the goal is the same - to reach the ear and influence the brain.


The process of hearing consists of internalizing a sound wave and its interpretation.

The human ear converts the vibrations it receives through the air by capturing the sound in the ear canal, channeling it through three tiny bones, and then passing it through a fluid-filled spiral shaped organ called the cochlea.

The sound then gets transmitted through exposed nerve endings that bundle into the auditory nerve finally sending the signal to the brain.

The brain then sorts out the signals into usable forms of perception and the mind organizes the perceptual data into their appropriate significance. With nothing but sound alone it is possible to perceive the rate of speed, distance, texture,  motion, loudness, emotion, and density.
 
In essence, our physical environment via sound triggers all of these mechanical actions with our bodies and has a direct influence on our brain's function. The emotions are stimulated the moment the mind begins interpreting the information it's received from the brain. 

Almost every form of entertainment, media, and system of belief competes to gain access into the tiny openings of the sides of our head. Some seek to gain a temporary influence for profit or to get validation from us, while others seek to dominate this process so as to control the functions of our minds and the direction of our bodies.
 
Because the nervous system is a closed system, the perception of sound works in a kind of looping process. Words and music become locked in the circuitry of our minds and bury themselves in our thoughts.
 
The full power of words and music to influence us comes in the way that one sense can activate any or all of the remaining senses.
 
The only antidote for excising words, music, or ideas from within is to channel those influences out of our minds through some form of expression (writing, discussion, art, dance, ritual) or to limit our exposure to those unwanted sources of information.

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Marc